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(2) ÃÑ°¸ÃÃÁ¹Ù­·Õèà»ç¹ “Ãкºà¼´ç¨¡ÒÔ
       
       

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ÃÑ°¸ÃÃÁ¹Ù­·Õèà»ç¹Ãкºà¼´ç¨¡ÒÃã¹âÅ¡ ÁÕ 2 ¡ÅØèÁ
       
       

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Êèǹ·Õè 2.1 ¡ÅØèÁ·Õè 1 ä´éá¡è Ãкºà¼´ç¨¡ÒÃâ´Â “¾Ãä¤ÍÁÁÔǹÔʵì”
       ËÅÑ¡¡ÒâͧÃкºà¼´ç¨¡ÒÃÊѧ¤Á¹ÔÂÁ»ÃЪҸԻäµÂ (ÅÑ·¸Ô¤ÍÁÁÔǹÔʵì) ¤×Í ¡Òü١¢Ò´ÍÓ¹Ò¨ÃÑ°â´Âª¹ªÑé¹ Workers/Peasant/Intellectual
       
       (¡) µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ ø¹. µèÒ§»ÃÐà·È (áÊ´§à©¾ÒГÁÒµÃÒº·ËÅÑ¡” : ä´éá¡è ¨Õ¹– àÇÕ´¹ÒÁ –
       à¡ÒËÅÕà˹×Í – ¤ÔǺÒ)
       
       (1) ø¹. ¨Õ¹ (¤.È.1982)
       
       Article 1
       The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
       
       The socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China. Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.
       
       Article 3
       The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.
       
       The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.
       
       All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
       
       The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.
       
       (2) ø¹.àÇÕ´¹ÒÁ (¤.È.1992)
       
       Article 1
       The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is an independent, sovereign, and unified country with territorial integrity which is composed of the mainland, offshore island, territorial seas, and are space.
       Article 2
       The SRV state is of the people, by the people, and for the people. All state power belongs to the people based on the worker-peasant-intellectual alliance.
       
       Article 4
       The Communist Party of Vietnam, the vanguard unit of the Vietnamese working class and the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, of the laboring people, and of the entire nation, pursues Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought and is the leading force of the state and society, all party organizations operate within the framework of the Constitution and the law.
       
       (3) ø¹.à¡ÒËÅÕà˹×Í (¤.È.1972)
       
       Article 4
       The sovereignty of the DPRK resides in the workers, peasants, working intellectuals and all other working people.
       
       The working people exercise power through their representative organs – the Supreme People’s Assembly and local people’s assemblies at all levels.
       
       Article 5
       All the State organs in the DPRK are formed and function on the principle of democratic centralism.
       
       Article 12
       The State shall adhere to the class line, strengthen the dictatorship of people’s democracy and firmly defend the people’s power and socialist system against all subversive acts of hostile elements at home and abroad.
       
       (4) ø¹. ¤ÔÇºÒ (¤.È.1976)
       
       Article 1
       Cuba is a socialist State of works, independent and sovereign, organized with all and of the good of all, as a united, democratic republic, for the enjoyment of political freedom, social justice, individual and collective welfare, and human solidarity.
       
       Article 5
       The Communist Party of Cuba, Martian and of Marxist-Leninist, the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the superior leading force of the society and the State, organizing and guiding the common efforts aimed at the highest goals of the construction of socialism and advancement toward the communist society.
       
       Article 6
       The Union of Young Communists, an advance organization of the Cuban youth, has the recognition and encouragement of the State in its preeminent function of promoting the active participation of the young masses in the tasks of socialist construction and of suitably training the youth as conscious citizens, capable of assuming greater responsibilities each day for the benefit of our society.
       
       Article 9
       The State
       a) implements the will of the working people and
       - channels the efforts of the nation in the construction of socialism;
       - maintains and defends the integrity and sovereignty of the fatherland;
       - guarantees the freedom and full dignity of men, the enjoyment of their rights, the exercise and fulfillment of their obligations, and the total development of their personality;
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       

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(¢) µÑÇÍÂèÒ§ ø¹. ¨Õ¹ (áÊ´§ “º·ÁÒµÃÒ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ – ºÒ§ÁÒµÃÒ”)
       
       CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
       
       Article 1 The People’s Republic of China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants.
       The socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China Sabotage of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited.
       
       Article 2 All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people.
       The organs through which the people exercise state power are the Nation People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels.
       The people administer state affairs and manage economic, cultural and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the law.
       
       Article 3 The state organs of the People’s Republic of China apply the principle of democratic centralism.
       The National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at different levels are instituted through democratic election. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision.
       All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
       The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs in guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People’s Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people. The system of socialist public ownership supersedes the system of exploitation of man by man; it applies the principle of “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.”
       During the Primary stage of socialism, the State of socialism, the State adheres to the basic economic system with the public ownership remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side, and the coexistence of a variety of modes of distribution.
       
       Article 7 The State-owned economy, that is, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The State ensures the consolidation and growth of the State-owned economy.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 57 The National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
       
       Article 58 The National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.
       
       Article 59 The National People’s Congress is composed of deputies elected from the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the special administrative regions, and of deputies elected from the armed forces. All the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation.
       Election of deputies to the National People’s Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
       The number of deputies to the National People’s Congress and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.
       
       Article 62 The National People’s Congress exercises the following functions and power:
       1. To amend the Constitution;
       2. To supervise the enforcement of the Constitution;
       3. To enact and amend basic statutes concerning criminal offenses, civil affairs, the state organs and other matters;
       4. To elect the President and the Vice-President of the People’s Republic of China;
       5. To decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People’s Republic of China, and to decide on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of Ministries or Commissions and the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier;
       6. To elect the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and, upon his nomination, to decide on the choice of the other members of the Central Military Commission;
       7. To elect the President of the Supreme People’s Court;
       8. To elect the Procurator-General of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate;
       9. To examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the reports on its implementation;
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 65 The Standing Committee of the Nation People’s Congress is composed of the following: the Chairman, the Vice-Chairman, the Secretary-General and Members.
       Minority nationalities are entitle to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
       The National People’s Congress elects, and has the power to recall, all those on its Standing Committee.
       No one on the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress shall hold any post in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People’s Government of the People’s Republic of China, is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.
       
       Article 86 The State Council is composed of the following: the Premier, the Vice- Premiers, the State Councilors, the ministers in charge of ministries, the ministers in charge of commissions, the Auditor-General, and the Secretary- General.
       The Premier has overall responsibility for the State Council.
       The Ministers have overall responsibility for the respective ministries of commissions under their charge. The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People’s Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.
       The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: the Chairman, the Vice-Chairman, and members.
       The Chairman of Central Military Commission has overall responsibility for the commission.
       The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People’s Congress.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       THE ORGANIC LAW OF THE NATIONAL PEOPLE’S CONGRESS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, 1982 ¹
       
       Article 1 Sessions of the National People’s Congress shall be convened in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the people’ Republic of China.
       The first session of each National People’s Congress shall be convened by the Standing Committee of the previous National People’s Congress within two months of the election of deputies to the current National People’ Congress.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       Article 3 After deputies to the National People’s Congress have been elected, their credentials shall be examined by the Credentials Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress.
       Based on the reports submitted by the Credentials Committee, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress shall affirm the qualifications of deputies or invalidate the election of individual deputies, and shall publish the list of affirmed deputies prior to the first session of each National Peoples’ Congress.
       Deputies to the National People’s Congress who are elected through by- elections shall have their credentials examined in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraphs.
       
       ------------------- etc. --------------------
       
       

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Êèǹ·Õè 2.2 ¡ÅØèÁ·Õè 2 ä´éá¡è ÃÑ°¸ÃÃÁ¹Ù­·Õè༴稡ÒÃâ´Â “¾Ãä¡ÒÃàÁ×ͧ¹Ò·ع¸ØáԨ” (¡ÅØèÁ¹Õé ÁÕà¾Õ§»ÃÐà·Èà´ÕÂÇ ¤×Í »ÃÐà·Èä·Â)
       
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1.Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress and promulgated for implementation by the Proclamation of the National People’s Congress on December 10,1982